Meniscal Injuries
Introduction
Physiotherapy in Richmond for Knee
Welcome to Cambie Physiotherapy and Health Clinic's patient resource about Meniscal Injuries.
The meniscus is a commonly injured structure in the knee. The injury can occur in any age group. In younger people, the meniscus is fairly tough and rubbery, and tears usually occur as a result of a forceful twisting injury. The meniscus grows weaker with age, and meniscal tears can occur in aging adults as the result of fairly minor injuries, even from the up-and-down motion of squatting.
This guide will help you understand:
- where the meniscus is located in the knee
- how an injured meniscus causes problems
- what can be done for an injured meniscus
Anatomy
What is a meniscus, and what does it do?
There are two menisci between the shinbone (tibia) and thighbone (femur) in the knee joint. (Menisci is plural for meniscus.)
Menisci
The C-shaped medial meniscus is on the inside part of the knee, closest to your other knee. (Medial means closer to the middle of the body.) The U-shaped lateral meniscus is on the outer half of the knee joint. (Lateral means further out from the center of the body.)
These two menisci act like shock absorbers in the knee. Forming a gasket between the shinbone and the thighbone, they help spread out the forces that are transmitted across the joint. Walking puts up to two times your body weight on the joint. Running puts about eight times your body weight on the knee. As the knee bends, the back part of the menisci takes most of the pressure.
Articular cartilage is a smooth, slippery material that covers the ends of the bones that make up the knee joint. The articular cartilage allows the surfaces to slide against one another without damage to either surface.
Aricular Cartilage
By spreading out the forces on the knee joint, the menisci protect the articular cartilage from getting too much pressure on one small area on the surface of the joint. Without the menisci, the forces on the knee joint are concentrated onto a small area, leading to damage and degeneration of the articular cartilage, a condition called osteoarthritis.
The menisci add stability to the knee joint. They convert the surface of the shinbone into a shallow socket, which is more stable than its otherwise flat surface. Without the menisci, the round femur would slide on top of the flat surface of the tibia.
Conversion of Shinbone to Shallow Socket
Related Document: Cambie Physiotherapy and Health Clinic's Guide to Knee Anatomy
Causes
How do meniscal problems develop?
Meniscal injuries can occur at any age, but the causes are somewhat different for each age group. In younger people, the meniscus is a fairly tough and rubbery structure. Tears in the meniscus in patients under 30 years old usually occur as a result of a fairly forceful twisting injury. In the younger age group, meniscal tears are more likely to be caused by a sport activity. The entire inner rim of the medial meniscus can be torn in what is called a:
Bucket Handle Tear
The meniscus can also have a flap torn from the inner rim.
The tissue that forms the menisci weakens with age, making the menisci prone to degeneration and tearing. People of older ages often end up with a tear as result of a minor injury, such as from the up-and-down motion of squatting. Most often, there isn't one specific injury to the knee that leads to the degenerative type of meniscal tear. These tears of the menisci are commonly seen as a part of the overall condition of osteoarthritis of the knee in aging adults. Degenerative tears cause the menisci to fray and become torn in many directions.
Menisci Degeneration and Tearing
Symptoms
What does a torn meniscus feel like?
The most common problem caused by a torn meniscus is pain. The pain may be felt along the edge of the knee joint closest to where the meniscus is located. Or the pain may be more vague and involve the whole knee.
The knee may swell, causing it to feel stiff and tight. This is usually because fluid accumulates inside the knee joint. This is sometimes called water on the knee. This is not unique to meniscal tears, since it can also occur when the knee becomes inflamed.
The knee joint can also lock up if the tear is large enough. Locking refers to the inability to completely straighten out the knee. This can happen when a fragment of the meniscus tears free and gets caught in the hinge mechanism of the knee, like a pencil stuck in the hinge of a door.
A torn meniscus can cause long-term problems. The constant rubbing of the torn meniscus on the articular cartilage may cause the joint surface to become worn, leading to knee osteoarthritis.
Related Document: Cambie Physiotherapy and Health Clinic's Guide to Osteoarthritis of the Knee
Diagnosis
Diagnosis begins with a history and physical exam. Your physiotherapist at Cambie Physiotherapy and Health Clinic will try to determine where the pain is located, whether you've had any locking, and if you have any clicks or pops with knee movement.
Some patients may be referred to a doctor for further diagnosis. Once your diagnostic examination is complete, the physiotherapists have treatment options that will help speed your recovery, so that you can more quickly return to your active lifestyle.
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Our Treatment
Non-surgical Rehabilitation
When you visit Cambie Physiotherapy and Health Clinic, our initial treatments for a torn meniscus focus on decreasing pain and swelling in your knee. Rest and anti-inflammatory medications, such as aspirin, can help decrease these symptoms. You may need to use crutches until you can walk without a limp.
Our physiotherapist will treat your swelling and pain with the use of ice, electrical stimulation, and rest periods with your leg supported in elevation. Exercises are used to help you regain normal movement of joints and muscles. Exercises to improve knee range of motion and strength are added gradually. Our physiotherapist may also help you to obtain and use a knee brace.
Although recovery time varies, nonsurgical rehabilitation for a meniscal injury typically lasts six to eight weeks. You can return to your sporting activities when your quadriceps and hamstring muscles are back to nearly their full strength and control, you are not having swelling that comes and goes, and you aren't having problems with the knee giving way.
Post-surgical Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation proceeds cautiously after surgery on the meniscus, and treatments will vary depending on whether you had part of the meniscus taken out or your surgeon repaired or replaced the meniscus.
Patients are strongly advised to follow their physiotherapist's recommendations about how much weight can be borne while standing or walking. After a partial meniscectomy, we may instruct you to place a comfortable amount of weight on your operated leg using a walking aid. After a meniscal repair, however, you may be instructed to keep your knee straight in a locked knee brace and to put only minimal or no weight on your foot when standing or walking for up to six weeks.
Cambie Physiotherapy and Health Clinic patients usually need only a few physiotherapy visits after meniscectomy. We may recommend additional treatments if there are problems with swelling, pain, or weakness. Rehabilitation is slower after a meniscal repair or allograft procedure. At first, expect to see our physiotherapist two to three times a week. If your surgery and rehabilitation go as planned, you may only need to do a home program and see our physiotherapist every few weeks over a six-to eight-week period.
Cambie Physiotherapy and Health Clinic provides services for physiotherapy in Richmond.
Surgery
If the knee keeps locking up and can't be straightened out, surgery may be recommended as soon as reasonably possible to remove the torn part that is getting caught in the knee joint. But even a less severely torn meniscus may not heal on its own. If symptoms continue after nonsurgical treatment, surgery will probably be suggested to either remove or repair the torn portion of the meniscus.
Surgeons use an arthroscope (mentioned earlier) during surgery for an injured meniscus. Small incisions are made in the knee to allow the insertion of the camera into the joint.
Partial Meniscectomy
The procedure to take out the damaged portion of the meniscus is called a partial meniscectomy. The surgeon makes another small incision. This opening is needed to insert surgical instruments into the knee joint. The instruments are used to remove the torn portion of the meniscus, while the arthroscope is used to see what is happening.
Surgeons would rather not take out the entire meniscus. This is because the meniscus helps absorb shock and adds stability to the knee. Removal of the meniscus increases the risk of future knee arthritis. Only if the entire meniscus is damaged beyond repair is the entire meniscus removed.
Meniscal Repair
Whenever possible, surgeons prefer to a torn meniscus, rather than remove even a small piece. Young people who have recently torn their meniscus are generally good candidates for:
Repair
Older patients with degenerative tears are not.
To repair the torn meniscus, the surgeon inserts the arthroscope and views the torn meniscus. Some surgeons use sutures to sew the torn edges of the meniscus together. Others use special fasteners, called suture anchors, to anchor the torn edges together.
Special Fasteners
Meniscal Transplantation
Surgeons are beginning to experiment with different ways to replace a damaged meniscus. One way is by transplanting tissue, called an allograft, from another person's body. Further investigation is needed to see how well these patients do over a longer period of time.
Related Document: Cambie Physiotherapy and Health Clinic's Guide to Meniscal Surgery
Portions of this document copyright MMG, LLC.